Professional Resources Reference List
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This is a list of some particularly relevant articles relating to breakthrough pain with links to the abstracts on Pubmed. GUIDELINES / REVIEW ARTICLES Bennett D, Burton AW, Fishman S, Fortner B, McCarberg B, Miaskowski C, et al. Consensus panel recommendations for the assessment and management of breakthrough pain. Part 2: Management. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2005; 30(6): 354-61. Bennett D, Burton AW, Fishman S, Fortner B, McCarberg B, Miaskowski C, et al. Consensus panel recommendations for the assessment and management of breakthrough pain. Part 1: Assessment. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2005; 30(5): 296-301. Mercadante S, Radbruch L, Caraceni A, Cherny N, Kaasa S, Nauck F, et al. Episodic (breakthrough) pain. Consensus conference of an Expert Working Group of the European Association for Palliative Care. Cancer 2002; 94(3): 832-9. EPIDEMIOLOGY Caraceni A, Martini C, Zecca E et al. Breakthrough pain characteristics and syndromes in patients with cancer pain. An international survey. Palliative Medicine 2004; 18(3): 177-83. Caraceni A, Portenoy RK. An international survey of cancer pain characteristics and syndromes. Pain 1999; 82(3): 263-74. CLINICAL FEATURES Portenoy RK, Bruns D, Shoemaker B, Shoemaker SA. Breakthrough pain in community-dwelling patients with cancer pain and noncancer pain, part 1: prevalence and characteristics. Journal of Opioid Management 2010; 6(2): 97-108
Hwang SS, Chang VT, Kasimis B. Cancer breakthrough pain characteristics and responses to treatment at a VA medical center. Pain 2003; 101(1-2): 55-64. Gómez-Batiste X, Madrid F, Moreno F et al. Breakthrough cancer pain: prevalence and characteristics in patients in Catalonia, Spain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2002: 24(1): 45-52. Zeppetella G, O’Doherty CA, Collins S. Prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough pain in cancer patients admitted to a hospice. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2000: 20(2): 87-92. Portenoy RK, Payne D, Jacobsen P. Breakthrough pain: characteristics and impact in patients with cancer pain. Pain 1999; 81(1-2): 129-34. Fine PG, Busch MA. Characterization of breakthrough pain by hospice patients and their caregivers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998; 16(3): 179-83. Portenoy RK. Treatment of temporal variations in chronic cancer pain. Seminars in Oncology 1997; 24(5 Suppl 16): S16-7-12. *Portenoy RK, Hagen NA. Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics. Pain 1990; 41(3): 273-81. Portenoy RK, Hagen NA. Breakthrough pain: definition and management. Oncology (Williston Park) 1989; 3(8 Suppl): 25-9. Bruera E, Macmillan K, Kuehn N, Miller MJ. Circadian distribution of extra doses of narcotic analgesics in patients with cancer pain: a preliminary report. Pain 1992; 49(3): 311-4. Green CR, Montague L, Hart-Johnson TA. Consistent and breakthrough pain in diverse advanced cancer patients: a longitudinal examination. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2009; 37(5): 831-47. ASSESSMENT Zeppetella G, Ribeiro MD. Episodic pain in patients with advanced cancer. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care 2002; 19(4): 267-76. MANAGEMENT (GENERAL) Casuccio A, Mercadante S, Fulfaro F. Treatment strategies for cancer patients with breakthrough pain. Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy 2009; 10(6): 947-53. Zeppetella G. Impact and management of breakthrough pain in cancer. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 2009; 3(1): 1-6. Soares LG, Chan VW. The rationale for a multimodal approach in the management of breakthrough cancer pain: a review. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care 2007; 24(5): 430-9. Zeppetella G, Ribeiro MD. Pharmacotherapy of cancer-related episodic pain. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2003; 4(4): 493-502. Mercadante S, Arcuri E. Breakthrough pain in cancer patients: pathophysiology and treatment. Cancer Treatment Reviews 1998; 24(6): 425-32. *Hwang SS, Chang VT, Kasimis B. Cancer breakthrough pain characteristics and responses to treatment at a VA medical center. Pain 2003; 101(1-2): 55-64. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Casuccio A (2004). Optimization of opioid therapy for preventing incident pain associated with bone metastases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2004; 28(5): 505-10. *Zeppetella G. Ribeiro MD. Opioids for the management of breakthrough (episodic) pain in cancer patients.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (1):CD004311, 2006. Grape S, Schug SA, Lauer S, Schug BS. Formulations of fentanyl for the management of pain. Drugs 2010; 70(1): 57-72. MANAGEMENT (ONCOLOGY) Ripamonti C, Fagnoni E, Campa T, Giardina V, Brunelli C, Pigni A et al. Decreases in pain at rest and movement-related pain during zoledronic acid treatment in patients with bone metastases due to breast or prostate cancer: a pilot study. Support Care in Cancer 2007; 15(10): 1177-84. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Dabbene M. Pamidronate in incident pain due to bone metastases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2001; 22(2): 630-1. ORAL OPIOIDS Freye E, Levy JV, Braun D. Effervescent morphine results in faster relief of breakthrough pain in patients compared to immediate release morphine sulfate tablet. Pain Practice 2007; 7(4): 324-31. Fisher K, Stiles C, Hagen NA. Characterization of the early pharmacodynamic profile of oral methadone for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a pilot study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2004; 28(6): 619-25. Rosati J, Gallagher M, Shook B, Luwisch E, Favis G, Deveras R et al. Evaluation of an oral patient-controlled analgesia device for pain management in oncology inpatients. Journal of Supportive Oncology 2007; 5(9): 443-8. PARENTERAL OPIOIDS Enting RH, Oldenmenger WH, van der Rijt CC, Wilms EB, Elfrink EJ, Elswijk I et al. A prospective study evaluating the response of patients with unrelieved cancer pain to parenteral opioids. Cancer 2002; 94(11): 3049-56. Intravenous boluses Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Casuccio A, Mangione S, Intravaia G. Transmucosal fentanyl vs intravenous morphine in doses proportional to basal opioid regimen for episodic-breakthrough pain. British Journal of Cancer 2007; 96(12): 1828-33. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Porzio G, Aielli F, Verna L, et al. Safety and effectiveness of intravenous morphine for episodic breakthrough pain in patients receiving transdermal buprenorphine. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2006; 32(2): 175-9. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Bianchi M, Casuccio A. Safety and effectiveness of intravenous morphine for episodic (breakthrough) pain using a fixed ratio with the oral daily morphine dose. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2004; 27(4): 352-9. Subcutaneous boluses Patient controlled analgesia Wagner JC, Souders GD, Coffman LK, Horvath JL. Management of chronic cancer pain using a computerized ambulatory patient-controlled analgesia pump. Hospital Pharmacy 1989; 24(8): 639-44. ORAL TRANSMUCOSAL OPIOIDS Hao J, Heng PW. Buccal delivery systems. Drug Delivery and Industrial Pharmacy 2003; 29(8): 821-32. Shojaei AH. Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1998; 1(1): 15-30. Reisfield GM, Wilson GR. Rational use of sublingual opioids in palliative medicine. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2007; 10(2): 465-75. Weinberg DS, Inturrisi CE, Reidenberg B et al. Sublingual absorption of selected opioid analgesics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1988; 44(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2458208 Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (Actiq®) Coluzzi PH, Schwartzberg L, Conroy Jr JD, Charapata S, Gay M, Busch MA, et al. Breakthrough cancer pain: a randomized trial comparing oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and morphine sulfate immediate release (MSIR). Pain 2001; 91(1-2): 123-30. Farrar JT, Cleary J, Rauck R, Busch M, Nordbrock E (1998). Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial for treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1998; 90(8): 611-6. Portenoy RK, Payne R, Coluzzi P, Raschko JW, Lyss A, Busch MA, et al. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients: a controlled dose titration study. Pain 1999; 79(2-3): 303-12. Payne R, Coluzzi P, Hart L, Simmonds M, Lyss A, Rauck R et al. Long-term safety of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for breakthrough cancer pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2001; 22(1): 575-83. Hagen NA, Fisher K, Victorino C, Farrar JT. A titration strategy is needed to manage breakthrough cancer pain effectively: observations from data pooled from three clinical trials. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2007; 10(1): 47-55. Hanks GW, Nugent M, Higgs CM, Busch MA, OTFC Multicentre Study Group. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the management of breakthrough pain in cancer: an open, multicentre, dose-titration and long-term use study. Palliative Medicine 2004; 18(8): 698-704. Mystakidou K, Katsouda E, Parpa E, Vlahos L, Tsiatas ML. Oral transmucosal citrate: overview of pharmacological and clinical characteristics. Drug Delivery 2006; 13(4): 269-76. Davies AN, Vriens J. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and xerostomia (dry mouth). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2005; 30(16): 496-7. Ashburn MA, Fine PG, Stanley TH. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain: a case report. Anesthesiology 1989; 71(4): 615-7. Fentanyl buccal tablet (Effentora®/Fentora®) Portenoy RK, Taylor D, Messina J, Tremmel L. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of fentanyl buccal tablet for breakthrough pain in opioid-treated patients with cancer. Clinical Journal of Pain 2006; 22(9): 805-11. Weinstein SM, Messina J, Xie F. Fentanyl buccal tablet for the treatment of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic cancer pain: A long-term, open-label safety study. Cancer 2009; 115(11):2571-9. Taylor DR. Fentanyl buccal tablet: rapid relief from breakthrough pain. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2007; 8(17): 3043-51. Blick SK, Wagstaff AJ. Fentanyl buccal tablet: in breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer. Drugs 2006; 66(18): 2387-93. Webster LR. Fentanyl buccal tablets. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 2006; 15 (11): 1469-73. Darwish M, Kirby M, Jiang JG, Tracewell W, Robertson P, Jr. Bioequivalence following buccal and sublingual placement of fentanyl buccal tablet 400 microg in healthy subjects. Clinical Drug Investigation 2008; 28(1): 1-7. Darwish M, Messina J. Clinical pharmacology of fentanyl buccal tablet for the treatment of breakthrough pain. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 2008; 1(1): 39-47. Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P, Tracewell W, Jiang JG. Absorption of fentanyl from fentanyl buccal tablets in cancer patients with or without oral mucositis: a pilot study. Clinical Drug Investigation 2007; 27(9): 605-11. Darwish M, Kirby M, Jiang JG. Effect of buccal dwell time on the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl buccal tablet. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2007; 8(13): 2011-6. Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P, Jr., Tracewell W, Jiang JG. Absolute and relative bioavailability of fentanyl buccal tablet and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2007; 47(3): 343-50. Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P, Jr., Hellriegel E, Jiang JG. Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal tablet in healthy volunteers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2007; 47(1): 56-63. Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P, Jr., Hellriegel E, Jiang JG. Comparison of equivalent doses of fentanyl buccal tablets and arteriovenous differences in fentanyl pharmacokinetics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2006; 45(8): 843-50. Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P, Jr., Tracewell W, Jiang JG. Pharmacokinetic properties of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablets: a phase 1, open-label, crossover study of single-dose 100, 200, 400 and 800 microg in healthy adult volunteers. Clinical Therapeutics 2006; 28(5): 707-14. Abstral® Lennernas B, Frank-Lissbrant I, Lennernas H, Kalkner KM, Derrick R, Howell J. Sublingual administration of fentanyl to cancer patients is an effective treatment for breakthrough pain: results from a randomized phase II study. Palliative Medicine 2010; 24(3): 286-93. Lennernas B, Hedner T, Holmberg M, Bredenberg S, Nystrom C, Lennernas H. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of different doses of fentanyl following sublingual administration of a rapidly dissolving tablet to cancer patients: a new approach to treatment of incident pain. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2005; 59(2): 249-53. Bredenberg S, Duberg M, Lennernas B, Lennernas H, Pettersson A, Westerbberg M et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a new sublingual tablet system for rapid oromucosal absorption using fentanyl citrate as the active substance. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2003; 20(3): 327-34. Onsolis® Vasisht N. Gever LN. Tagarro I. Finn AL. Formulation selection and pharmacokinetic comparison of fentanyl buccal soluble film with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover study. Clinical Drug Investigation 2009; 29(10): 647-54. Other formulations Zeppetella G. Sublingual fentanyl citrate for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a pilot study. Palliative Medicine 2001; 15(4): 323-8. Gardner-Nix J. Oral transmucosal fentanyl and sufentanil for incident pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2001; 22(2): 627-30. Kunz KM, Theisen JA, Schroeder ME. Severe episodic pain: management with sublingual sufentanil. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1993; 8(4): 189-90. INTRANASAL OPIOIDS Instanyl® Kress HG, Orońska A, Kaczmarek Z, Kaasa S, Colberg T, Nolte T. Efficacy and tolerability of intranasal fentanyl spray 50 to 200 μg for breakthrough pain in patients with cancer: A phase III, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with a 10-month, open-label extension treatment period Clinical Therapeutics 2009; 31(6):1177-91. Christrup LL, Foster D, Popper LD, Troen T, Upton R. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of fentanyl following intranasal versus intravenous administration in adults undergoing third-molar extraction: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, two-way, crossover study. Clinical Therapeutics 2008; 30(3): 469-81. Kaasa S, Moksnes K, Nolte T, Lefebvre-Kuntz D, Popper L, Kress HG. Pharmacokinetics of intranasal fentanyl spray in patients with cancer and breakthrough pain. Journal of Opioid Management 2010; 6(1): 17-26. Foster D, Upton R, Christrup L, Popper L. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal versus intravenous fentanyl in patients with pain after oral surgery. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2008; 42(10): 1380-7. Moksnes K, Fredheim OM, Klepstad P, Kaasa S, Angelsen A, Nilsen T et al. Early pharmacokinetics of nasal fentanyl: is there a significant arterio-venous difference? European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2008; 64(5): 497-502. Nasalfent® Fisher A, Watling M, Smith A, Knight A. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010; 48(2): 138-45. Other formulations Fitzgibbon D, Morgan D, Dockter D, Barry C, Kharasch ED. Initial pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy evaluation of nasal morphine gluconate for breakthrough pain in cancer patients. Pain 2003; 106(3): 309-15. Duncan A. The use of fentanyl and alfentanil sprays for episodic pain. Palliative Medicine 2002; 16 (6): 550. Pavis H, Wilcock A, Edgecombe J et al. Pilot study of nasal morphine-chitosan for the relief of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2002; 24(6): 598-602. Jackson K, Ashby M, Keech J. Pilot dose finding study of intranasal sufentanil for breakthrough and incident cancer-associated pain. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 2002; 23(6): 450-2. INTRAPULMONARY OPIOIDS Commercial formulations Ward ME, Woodhouse A, Mather LE, Farr SJ, Okikawa JK, Lloyd P et al. Morphine pharmacokinetics after pulmonary administration from a novel aerosol delivery system. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1997; 62(6): 596-609. Other formulations NITROUS OXIDE Keating HJ, Kundrat M. Patient-controlled analgesia with nitrous oxide in cancer pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1996; 11(2): 126-30. OTHER DRUGS Carr DB, Goudas LC, Denman WT et al. Safety and efficacy of intranasal ketamine for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Pain 2004; 108(1-2): 17-27. Midazolam Gabapentin ANAESTHETIC / INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES ADHERENCE / ACCEPTABILITY OF TREATMENT Ferrell BR, Juarez G, Borneman T. Use of routine and breakthrough analgesia in home care. Oncology Nursing Forum 1999; 26(10): 1655-61. Walker G, Wilcock A, Manderson C, Weller R, Crosby V. The acceptability of different routes of administration of analgesia for breakthrough pain. Palliative Medicine 2003; 17(2): 219-21. HEALTH ECONOMICS Fortner BV, Demarco G, Irving G, Ashley J, Keppler G, Chavez J, et al. Description and predictors of direct and indirect costs of pain reported by cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2003; 25(1): 9-18. Fortner BV, Okon TA, Portenoy RK. A survey of pain-related hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and physician office visits reported by cancer patients with and without history of breakthrough pain. Journal of Pain 2002; 3(1): 38-44. PAEDIATRIC PAIN (GENERAL) PAEDIATRIC PAIN (MANAGEMENT) NON-MALIGNANT PAIN (GENERAL) Hojsted J, Nielsen PR, Eriksen J, Hansen OB, Sjogren P. Breakthrough pain in opioid-treated chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre: a preliminary study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2006; 50(10): 1290-6. Portenoy RK, Bennett DS, Rauck R, Simon S, Taylor D, Brennan M et al. Prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough pain in opioid-treated patients with chronic noncancer pain. Journal of Pain 2006; 7(8): 583-91. Simon S, Bennett DS, Rauck R, Taylor D, Shoemaker S. Breakthrough pain in opioid-treated patients with neuropathic pain. Journal of Opioid Management 2006; 2(6): 347-52. Zeppetella G, O’Doherty CA, Collins S. Prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough pain in patients with non-malignant terminal disease admitted to a hospice. Palliative Medicine 2001; 15(3): 243-6. NON-MALIGNANT PAIN (MANAGEMENT) Portenoy RK, Messina J, Xie F, Peppin J. Fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) for relief of breakthrough pain in opioid-treated patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2007; 23(1): 223-33. Taylor DR, Webster LR, Chun SY, Reinking J, Stegman M, Shoemaker S et al. Impact of breakthrough pain on quality of life in patients with chronic, noncancer pain: patient perceptions and effect of treatment with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC, ACTIQ). Pain Medicine 2007; 8(3): 281-8. |